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Unit 6. Key

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Adjective	Opposites
o O o relaxing	O o o stressful or tense
O easy	O o o difficult or hard
O o o leisurely	O o oO o hectic or chaotic
O o o dangerous	o O safe or secure
slow	fast or quick
O o o similar	O o O o different or varied
o O o o o invigorating	O o o O o tiring or exhausting
O o o punishing	o O o o Oo rewarding or fulfilling

6A. 2
Example
Varied, invigorating and rewarding.

6A. 3
Adjectives: hectic, tiring and rewarding
1. (She has) Three (jobs).
2. No, (she doesn't).
3. (She likes) The interaction (best, because she learns with her students).

6A. 4
1. The number of jobs most Brazilian teachers have.
2. The time she spent travelling before she got a car (hours).
3. The time each of her classes lasts.
4. The number of students her classes.

6A. 5
Q: What's your job like, Fernanda?
Well, the best three adjectives I can think of are hectic and tiring - but also very rewarding. I get extremely tired because I have to work the whole day. A teacher's life isn't easy in Brazil. We usually have two or three jobs. One salary isn't enough, so I work in three different schools. Two of them are state schools, the other a private language school. I have to rush from one place to another, so I don't get any time to relax. It's better now I can drive and have a small car, but it was really difficult when I had to go everywhere by bus. I was travelling for up to four hours a day, sitting on buses, preparing my lessons and marking homework. I'm lucky because Thiago has a good job, so we don't have to work at weekends.
At Nossa Senhora school I teach four or five classes a day and each class is about 50 minutes long. There are more than 30 students in a class, so it's hard, but I love it. Then four evenings a week I teach adults which is very different but fun too. What I love about teaching is the interaction. I learn with my students.

6A. 6

Have to/has to/had to
Meaning: Something is/was necessary: you have/had no choice.

+ Fernanda gets very tired because she has to work the whole day.
- She doesn't have to get a bus any more.
? Does she have to work from Monday to Friday? Yes, (she does).
? Do they have to work at weekends too? No, (they don't).
? Did she have to study at weekends when she was a student?
Yes, (she did). She had to study a lot. / No, (she didn't)

6A. 7
A: Yes, I have. /v/
Q: And, do you have to go now? /f/
A: Yes, I have to be home in an hour. /f/
Q: Why do you have to go? /f/
A: I don't have to tell you everything, do I? /f/

6A. 7c
/v/ is very loud and voiced.

6A. 7d
1. You use more breath with /f/.
2. The voice is turned on with /v/ and turned off with /f/.
3. Your top teeth touch your bottom lip for both sounds.

6A.9
When I was a child, I had to eat carrots. Yuk, I hated carrots!
When I was a child, I didn't have to work. Those were the days!

6B. 12
1c 2d 3b 4a
1. preposition 2. verb 3. preposition 4. preposition

6B. 13
2. What does he look like?
3. What does he like? (or What does he like doing?)
4. What's he like?
5. Who does he look like?

6B. 14
Example answers:
Q: Who in your family do you look like?
A: I look like my father.
Q: Thanks, but what exactly do you look like?
A: I'm medium height with brown curly hair and brown eyes.
Q: OK, I get the picture. And what kind of things do you like?
A: I like listening to music, going to the cinema and cooking.
Q: Me too. Finally, what are your weekends like?
A: Pretty hectic really. I go to the supermarket and shop for the week, clean the house then I make sure I have fun with friends.
Q: Thank you very much. Your English is getting better!

6B. 16
We use the Past Continuous:

- To talk about an activity in progress at a time in the past.

Fernanda was travelling for up to four hours a day by bus

- To describe a scene. It's used with/for stories.

She was driving along the road and talking to a friend on her cellular.

Pronunciation
Was/and were are usually unstressed except with/in negatives, short answers and for emphasis.

The Past Continuous is formed and used in the same way in Portuguese.
+ was/were + verb + ing: I was waiting, We were talking
- wasn't/ weren't + verb + ing: He wasn't going home, They weren't listening.
? was/were + subject + verb + ing? e.g. Was the computer working?, Were you waiting?
Short answers: Yes + subject + was/were. e.g. Yes, I was. Yes, they were.
No + subject + wasn't/weren't e.g. No, he wasn't. No, we weren't.

See Unit 7B for contrast between Past Simple and Past Continuous

6B. 17
Example answers:
1. I was teaching.
2. I was sitting in the staffroom.
3. I was asleep.
4. I was having dinner with friends.
5. I was living in the same apartment.
6. I was wearing jeans and a t-shirt.
7. No I wasn't. I was reading.
8. No, I wasn't I was reading the newspaper.

6B.18
1. One salary isn't enough, so I work in three different places.
2. Teaching kids is hard because the classes are very large.
3. We're lucky because Ricardo gets a good salary.
4. I teach adults, which is very different but fun too.
5. I have to rush from one school to another, which is OK now I've got a car.
6. I have to work the whole day, so I get very tired.
7. My job is so tiring.

Because = the reason why.
We're lucky because Thiago has a good job.

So = the result of something. It means the same as 'therefore'.
One salary isn't enough, so I work in three different places.

so can also mean very.
The children were so good today.

which identifies something.
I teach adults, which is very different but fun too.

6C.2
A. a calculator
B. an ID card
C. a comb
D. a credit card
E. a wallet
F. a driving licence (US a driver´s licence)
G. a hairbrush
H. a key ring
I. a diary
J. a hair band
K. a pencil sharpener
L. a lighter
M. a nail file
N. a notebook
O. a pencil case
P. a ruler
Q. a purse
R. a rubber (US an eraser)
S. an address book

6C. 3
comb
sharpener

6C. 4 1. a 20-real note and some coins
2. some sunglasses
3. some chewing gum
4. some lipstick some sweets (US candies)
5. some tissues
6. some mascara
7. some matches
8. some stamps
9. some scissors

6C. 5
Chewing gum, lipstick, mascara and scissors (which also has a silent c, scissors)

NB: To make them countable, we talk about a piece of chewing gum, a stick of lipstick, a tube of mascara, a pair of scissors.

6C. 7
1. (She was) In a (shoe)shop.
2. (She was) Looking at some shoes (and talking to a friend).
3. No, (she was with a friend).
4. A boy who was about sixteen.
5. He was tall and thin, but she can't remember his face.
6. She's lost her credit cards, ID card, purse, money, sunglasses, silver cigarette lighter and the keys to her apartment.

M: Now madam. Tell me everything you can remember.
W: Well, I was in a shoeshop, you know, looking at some shoes. And I was talking to my friend. We always go shopping together, you know. Oh, it all happened so quickly. This boy, he was about sixteen. He was very tall and thin, but I can't really remember his face, you know, what he looked like. It happened so fast. Anyway, he just ran past and pulled my handbag. You know? It was there on my shoulder and, I was holding it, and, you know, but he was too strong. He took it and disappeared in a flash. Gone, you know. It's terrible! Horrible. I've lost all my credit cards and my ID card. I also had 300 reais in my purse, you know. Stupid me, I know, but we'd just come back from the bank. The small things aren't important of course; my sunglasses and cigarette lighter, you know, although the lighter is silver. Uh-huh, it was a present from my husband. Sorry, my ex-husband. And my keys! Oh no! I can't get into my apartment. Oh God, what am I going to do?

6C. 8
Example answers:
1. I usually carry both.
2. I've usually got some notes in my wallet plus my ID card, some stamps and a debit card. In my purse there are usually some coins.
3. Some chewing gum, a hairbrush, some lipstick and my doorkeys.
4. Lots of books, pens and pencils, board markers, some paper, a rubber and a pencil sharpener.
5. My handbag, wallet and purse.
6. I never take anything valuable when I go out.
7. Nothing at the moment.

6D. 1
1. They've just met. / Only a few minutes.
2. At the conference check-in desk.
3. He's British, from London. He's just arrived and is tired. It's his first time in Brazil.
4. Have coffee together.
5. In the conference café.
6. Probably!

6D. 2
1. W Fernanda pays.
2. W It's her first one.
3. R
4. W He's only giving one.
5. R
6. W Rob spills his coffee on her.

6D. 3
R: What would you like to drink?
F: I'll have a coffee please. Oh! You have to pay first. Let me do it.
R: Here's the money.
F: No, it's OK. I'd like to pay for your first real Brazilian coffee. Dois cafezinhos por favor.
R: Thanks a lot. I'll get the next one. So, do you often go to conferences?
F: No this is my first time. How about you?
R: Well, I'm a lecturer at City College in London and, yes, I travel a lot.
F: Lucky you.
R: Yes, it's great. In fact, I'm giving a talk on Thursday. You should come.
F: What's it about?
R: Ways to help learners speak more English in class. It's very practical.
F: Great, I'd like to see that.
R: And I'd really like you to come. Ooops! (Rob spills his coffee on Luisa). Oh no, I'm so sorry.
F: That's OK.
R: I'm terribly sorry. Really, I ., I ., let me get a serviette .
F: Don't worry about it. It's only coffee. I hope your second one in Brazil is more successful!

6D. 4

Contractions:
I'll have a coffee. = I will have
I'd like = I would like

We use
- will for instant decisions, eg I'll get the next one.
- Would you like for offers and invitations, eg Would you like another coffee?
- I'd like for polite requests, eg I'd like a coffee, please.
- I'd like (you) to for things that people want to do and invitations, eg I'd like to pay, I'd really like you to come.

6D. 7
1g oOooOo I'm terribly sorry.
2a OooOoO What would you like to drink?
3e OoO You should come.
4i oOooOo Don't worry about it.
5b oooOoO I'll have a coffee. please.
6f oOoOooO I'd really like you to come.
7d oOoOO I'd like to see that.
8h ooOoooO Let me get a serviette.
9c ooOo Here's the money.

6D. 8
1. Make students aware of it. Draw their attention to intonation at different stages of the lesson so that they become sensitive to its existence and importance.
2. Focus regularly on mood and attitude not just words. Help them to pick out different attitudes from recordings (Who's happy/sad/angry?) and the effects of "wrong" intonation.
3. Use lots of gestures and visual symbols to help, eg conduct them, beat the stress, use arrows to show rises and falls, and make it fun, by exaggerating yourself.
4. Pointing out specific differences between Brazilian Portuguese and English intonation where appropriate.
5. Impose moods, characters, roles and situations to practise intonation. For example, drill students insisting they use different 'voices', eg shouting, whispering, at normal speed, fast, slowly, very slowly sy-lla-ble by sy-lla-ble, with flat intonation or exaggerating, or in different moods, eg shocked, angry, in love, with a good or bad accent, as famous characters (a robot, a sheriff) or famous people (the President, a film star).

6D. 9
Example answers

Invite them for a drink (and a snack)

Do you fancy having a drink with me? How about getting a coffee?

Choose your drinks (and a snack)

I think I'll have one of these. Do you think that looks good?

Insist you pay

This is definitely on me. No, let me get it.

Take the drinks to their table

Here you are. Whose is the white coffee?

Comment on the drinks

This coffee's quite strong. I really needed that.

Invite somebody somewhere

Would you like to come to the cinema with me? Do you fancy going to the beach on Sunday?

Insist

You must come. I won't take no for an answer.

Have an accident

Oops! Oh dear! Watch out!

Apologise

I'm terribly sorry. I'm sorry it was an accident.

Insist you pay for the damage

I insist that you let me get it cleaned for you. At least send me the bill.

Conclude the dialogue in a natural way

Let's do this again sometime. It was great meeting you and sorry again.

6E. 1
1. A teacher's life isn't easy.
2. One salary isn't enough.
3. Right
4. I had to go everywhere by bus.
5. Right
6. I learn with my students.
7. I carry my diary with me all of the time - I'd be lost without it.
8. I was looking for some scissors/ a pair of scissors.
9. Right. but could also be; I'll have a coffee, please.
10. You should come to the talk.
11. I'm terribly sorry.
12. Right
13. I think I'll have one of these.

2 Pronunciation
1. Teaching isn't very relaxing.
2. Teaching is really stressful sometimes.
3. I get really tense.
4. I tend to set easy homework at the beginning of the week. ("Easy" isn´t similar in Portuguese.)
5. My students all make similar mistakes.
6. I normally set more difficult homework at the end of the week.
7. Monday mornings are really chaotic.
8. The most secure place to park the car is in the school car park.
9. Their homework was far too similar.
10. At the language school I teach lots of different levels.
11. Rio gets extremely hot in summer.
12. I usually call my mother every night.
13. What do you do to relax?
14. Sometimes when the traffic's bad I go by bus.
15. I gave the students a test on adjective order.
16. What's the opposite of ordinary?

3 Test your prepositions
1. She's a good boss. I like working for/with her.
2. He has to work at/in different offices.
3. We usually travel by bus.
4. We try to relax at (US on) weekends.
5. I'm learning French with Marco.
6. They don't go to many conferences.
7. Oh no! I've left my cellular on/in the bus.
8. He's always rushing from one place to another.
9. Don't worry about me.
10. I'll see you on Monday.

6E.4 (in Portuguese)

1. Well, I get very tired.	Bem, eu fico muito cansado.
2. A teacher’s life isn’t easy.	A vida de professor não é fácil.
3. We usually have two or three jobs.	Geralmente, nós temos dois ou três empregos.
4. I work in three different places.	Eu trabalho em três lugares diferentes.
5. One salary isn’t enough.	Um salário não é suficiente.
6. I was travelling for four hours a day.	Eu estava viajando quatro horas por dia.
7. I’m lucky because Thiago has a good job.	Eu tenho sorte porque o Thiago tem um bom emprego.
8. We don’t have to work at weekends either.	Também, não temos que trabalhar nos fins de semana.
9. I teach four to five classes a day.	Eu dou quatro a cinco aulas por dia.
10. It’s hard but I love it!	É duro, mas eu adoro!
11. In the evenings I teach adults, which is fun.	À noite eu dou aula para adultos, o que é divertido.
12. I learn with my students.	Eu aprendo com meus alunos.
13. What would you like to drink?	O que você quer beber?/ O que você gostaria de beber?
14. I’ll have a coffee please.	Eu vou tomar um café, por favor.
15. Let me do it.	Deixa que eu pago.
16. I’d like to pay for your first real coffee.	Eu gostaria de pagar pelo seu primeiro café de verdade.
17. I’ll get the next one.	Eu pago o próximo.
18. Do you often go to conferences?	Você sempre vai a conferências ?
19. How about you?	E você?
20. I'm giving a talk on Thursday. You should come.	Eu darei uma palestra na quinta-feira. Você deveria vir.
21. I'd really like you to come.	Eu gostaria muito que você viesse.
22. What's it about?	Sobre o que será?
23. Oh no, I'm so sorry.	Oh! não, me desculpe.
24. Don't worry about it.	Não se preocupe.
25. I'm terribly sorry.	Eu sinto muito.

6E.6
3. How many jobs do you have?
5. Is one salary enough?
6. How long were you travelling?
8. Do you have to work at weekends?
9. How many classes do you teach a day?
11. What do you do in the evenings?
14. What would you like to drink?
20. When are you giving your talk?

à go to Unit 7 A

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